you're more alike than some want you to believe

because they have a fucking agenda and want your participation________________________________________________________________ Human Universals: environment, adjustments to binary cognitive distinctions pain likes and dislikes food preferences making comparisons time time, cyclicity of memory anticipation habituation choice making (choosing alternatives) intention ambivalence emotions self-control fears fear of death fears, ability to overcome some risk-taking daily routines rituals sexual attraction sexual attractiveness sex differences in spatial cognition and behavior mental maps territoriality conflict self distinguished from other sweets preferred tabooed foods childbirth customs childcare females do more direct childcare preference for own children and close kin (nepotism) weaning childhood fears childhood fear of loud noises childhood fear of strangers pretend play play toys, playthings play to perfect skills practice to improve skills husband older than wife on average sexual regulation includes incest prevention incest between mother and son unthinkable or tabooed incest, prevention or avoidance hygienic care family (or household) biological mother and social mother normally the same person attachment mourning affection expressed and felt gestures empathy food sharing turn-taking group living sexual jealousy kin, close distinguished from distant kin groups kinship statuses anthropomorphization interest in bioforms (living things or things that resemble them) critical learning periods murder proscribed males dominate public/political realm males engage in more coalitional violence males more aggressive males more prone to lethal violence males more prone to theft males, on average, travel greater distances over lifetime dreams symbolism social structure dominance/submission leaders cooperation coalitions collective identities conflict, means of dealing with conflict, mediation of decision making, collective good and bad distinguished distinguishing right and wrong judging others fairness (equity), concept of economic inequalities economic inequalities, consciousness of envy envy, symbolic means of coping with etiquette insulting interpreting behavior reciprocity, negative (revenge, retaliation) redress of wrongs resistance to abuse of power, to dominance rape rape proscribed pride taboos rites of passage cultural variability dispersed groups visiting sickness and death seen as related healing the sick (or attempting to) medicine sucking wounds snakes, wariness around sexual modesty copulation normally conducted in privacy diurnality thumb sucking tickling property materialism prestige inequalities trade tools tool dependency tool making tools patterned culturally tools, permament tools for pounding weapons lever directions, giving of aesthetics customary greetings generosity admired gift giving stinginess, disapproval of self-image, awareness of (concern for what others think) self-image, manipulation of manipulate social relations self-image, wanted to be positive self is responsible shame psychological defense mechanisms shelter nonbodily decorative art right-handedness as population norm onomatopoeia fire spear tools for cutting death rituals body adornment hairstyles containers tying material (ie, something like string) intertwining (eg, weaving) measuring cooking tools to make tools music music related in part to dance music related in part to religious activity music seen as art (a creation) music, vocal musical redundancy musical repetition musical variation melody rhythm dance ________________________________________ not yet sorted actions under self-control distinguished from those not under control conjectural reasoning continua (ordering as cognitive pattern) corporate (perpetual) statuses coyness display crying culture decision making differential valuations entification (treating patterns and relations as things) ethnocentrism feasting government groups that are not based on family hope hospitality identity, collective imagery in-group distinguished from out-group(s) in-group biases in favor of institutions (organized co-activities) interpolation jokes logical notions logical notion of ‘and’ logical notion of ‘equivalent’ logical notion of ‘general/particular’ logical notion of ‘not’ logical notion of ‘opposite’ logical notion of ‘part/whole’ logical notion of ‘same’ magic magic to increase life magic to sustain life magic to win love weather control (attempts to) marriage meal times mentalese mood- or consciousness-altering techniques and/or substances moral sentiments moral sentiments, limited effective range of normal distinguished from abnormal states Oedipus complex past/present/future planning planning for future possessive, intimate possessive, loose role and personality seen in dynamic interrelationship (ie, departures from role can be explained in terms of individual personality) sanctions sanctions for crimes against the collectivity sanctions include removal from the social unit self as neither wholly passive nor wholly autonomous self as subject and object senses unified socialization socialization expected from senior kin socialization includes toilet training statuses and roles statuses, ascribed and achieved statuses distinguished from individuals succession triangular awareness (assessing relationships among the self and two other people) violence, some forms of proscribed clusters semantic components, sex sex (gender) terminology is fundamentally binary sex statuses sexual regulation sexuality as focus of interest statuses on other than sex, age, or kinship bases numerals (counting) one (numeral) phonemes, range from 10 to 70 in number pronouns, minimum two numbers two (numeral) black (color term) white (color term) cooperative labor division of labor division of labor by age reciprocal exchanges (of labor, goods, or services) division of labor by sex age grades age statuses age terms male and female and adult and child seen as having different natures mother normally has consort during child-rearing years music, children’s baby talk belief in supernatural/religion beliefs, false beliefs about death beliefs about disease beliefs about fortune and misfortune classification classification of age classification of behavioral propensities classification of body parts classification of fauna classification of flora classification of inner states classification of kin classification of space classification of tools classification of weather conditions nomenclature (perhaps the same as classification) classification of sex classification of colors face (word for) facial communication facial expression of anger facial expression of contempt facial expression of disgust facial expression of fear facial expression of happiness facial expression of surprise facial expressions, masking/modifying of oligarchy (de facto) recognition of individuals by face abstraction in speech & thought discrepancies between speech, thought, and action figurative speech music, vocal, includes speech forms special speech for special occasions stop/nonstop contrasts (in speech sounds) symbolic speech antonyms conflict, consultation to deal with contrasting marked and nonmarked sememes (meaningful elements in language) culture/nature distinction divination dream interpretation explanation father and mother, separate kin terms for folklore future, attempts to predict gossip grammar hand (word for) inheritance rules insulting jokes kin terms translatable by basic relations of procreation language language employed to manipulate others language employed to misinform or mislead language is translatable language not a simple reflection of reality language, prestige from proficient use of law (rights and obligations) law (rules of membership) linguistic redundancy marking at phonemic, syntactic, and lexical levels meaning, most units of are non-universal metaphor metonym morphemes myths narrative nouns overestimating objectivity of thought person, concept of personal names phonemes phonemes defined by set of minimally constrasting features phonemes, merging of phonemic change, inevitability of phonemic change, rules of phonemic system poetry/rhetoric poetic line, uniform length range poetic lines characterized by repetition and variation poetic lines demarcated by pauses polysemy (one word has several meanings) precedence, concept of (that’s how the leopard got its spots) private inner life promise pronouns pronouns, minimum three persons proper names proverbs, sayings proverbs, sayings – in mutually contradictory forms semantics semantic category of affecting things and people semantic category of dimension semantic category of giving semantic category of location semantic category of motion semantic category of other physical properties semantic components semantic components, generation sememes, commonly used ones are short, infrequently used ones are longer synesthetic metaphors synonyms tabooed utterances taxonomy true and false distinguished units of time verbs vocalic/nonvocalic contrasts in phonemes vowel contrasts world view___________there are people who want you to believe you are less alike than you really are_____ based on "human universals" by donald e. brown. temple university press 1991